Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths Optical Spectroscopy

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This volume of the Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earth begins with a Dedication to late Professor William (Bill) T. Carnall pioneered the interpretation of lanthanide spectra in solutions in the 1960s and 1970s. The Dedication is written by Drs. James V. Beitz and Guokui Liu from Argonne National Laboratory where Bill Carnall spent his entire 37-year scientific career. Optical spectroscopy has been instrumental in the discovery of many lanthanide elements. In return, these elements have always played a prominent role in lighting devices and light conversion technologies (Auer mantles, incandescent lamps, lasers, cathode-ray and plasma displays). They are also presently used in highly sensitive luminescent bio-analyses and cell imaging. This volume is entirely devoted to the photophysical properties of these elements. Its five chapters describe various aspects of lanthanide spectroscopy and its applications. Chapter 231 presents state-of-the-art theoretical calculations of lanthanide energy levels and transition intensities. It is followed by a review (Chapter 232) on both theoretical and experimental aspects of f-d transitions, a less well known field of lanthanide spectroscopy, yet very important for the design of new optical materials. Chapter 233 describes how confinement effects act on the photophysical properties of lanthanides when they are inserted into nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanowires, nanotubes, insulating and semiconductor nanocrystals. The use of lanthanide chelates for biomedical analyses is presented in Chapter 234; long lifetimes of the excited states of lanthanide ions allow one to take advantage of time-resolved spectroscopy, which leads to highly sensitive analyses devoid of background effects from the autofluorescence of the samples. The last review (Chapter 235) provides a comprehensive survey of near-infrared (NIR) emitting molecular probes and devices, from simple chelates to macrocyclic complexes, heterometallic functional edifices, coordination polymers and other extended structures. Applications ranging from telecommunications to light-emitting diodes and biomedical analyses are assessed.