Aims of Argument A Rhetoric and Reader

9780072863420

0072863420

*Indicates that the reading selection is new to this edition PART ONE, Resources for Reading and Writing Arguments Chapter One, Understanding Argument What Is Argument? What Is Rhetoric? An Example of Argument Discussion of "You Have a Right..." Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning What Are the Aims of Argument? Where are the Aims of Argument Used? A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments:The Writer's Notebook Why Keep a Notebook? Notebook Options Keeping a Print Notebook Keeping an Electronic Notebook Ways of Using a Notebook Chapter Two, Reading An Argument The First Encounter: Seeing the Whole Text in Context The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing theText Wrestling With Difficult Passages Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument Chapter Three, Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method A Preliminary Critical Reading A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method Find the Exceptions Analyzing the Reasons List the Reasons Examine the Reasons Analyzing Evidence Noting Refutations Summarizing Your Analysis A Final Note about Logical Analysis Chapter Four, Reading and Writing about Visual ArgumentsUnderstanding Visual Arguments "Reading" Images Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Arguments [FOUR-COLOR Visual Argument INSERT] Chapter Five, Writing Research-Based Arguments Finding an Issue Understand That an Issue Is More Than Just a Topic Keep Abreast of Current Events Research the News Research Your Library's Periodicals Indexes Inquire into the Issue Finding Sources Field Research Library and Online Research Internet Research Evaluating Sources Eliminate Inappropriate Sources Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information Read the Source Critically Inquire into the Source Consider How You Might Use the Source Using Sources Taking Notes Suggestions for Taking Notes Paraphrasing Summarizing Creating an Annotated Bibliography Incorporating and Documenting Source Material in the Text of Your Argument Different Styles of Documentation Instructions for Using MLA and APA Style Direct Quotations Indirect Quotations Creating a Works-Cited or Reference List PART TWO, The Aims of Argument Chapter Six, Looking for Some Truth: Arguing to Inquire Inquiry and Interpretation in Academic Writing The Writing Project: Exploratory Essay, Part One Conversations and Dialogue in Inquiry Inquiry Again: Digging Deeper The Writing Project: Part Two The Writing Project: Part Three After Drafting Your Essay Inquiry: Summing Up the Aim Chapter Seven, Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy Case Structure Case Strategy Thinking about Audience Formulating the Thesis Choosing Reasons Arranging Reasons Using Evidence Introducing and Concluding the Argument The Process of Writing a Convincing Argument Chapter Eight, Motivating Action: Arguing to Persuade When to Convince and When to Persuade: A Matter of Emphasis: Reading a Persuasive Essay Principles Using the Forms of Appeal The Process of Writing a Persuasive Essay Chapter Nine, Resolving Conflict: Arguing to Negotiate and Mediate Resolving Conflict and the Other Aims of Argument The Process of Negotiation and Mediation Understanding the Spirit of Negotiation and Mediation Understanding the Opposing Positions Defining the Problem in Terms of the Real Interests Inventing Creative Options Gathering More Data Reaching a Solution Based on Agreed-upon Principles The Mediatory Essay Analyzing a Mediatory Essay The Process of Writing a Mediatory Essay Part Three, Two Case Books for Argument Chapter Ten, Casebook on 09/11/01 and After: Coping With Terrorism Getting Oriented * Photographs I. Recalling the Attack * TIMOTHY TOWNSEND, At Ground Zero: The First Hours * KEN KESEY, The Real War * RESHMA MEMON YAQUB, You People Did This * Photograph, Author and Son II. Getting Informed A. General Information * STEPHEN ZUNES, 10 Things to Know About the Middle East * PAUL WILKINSON, Types of Terrorism B. Impact on the United States * MATTHEW COOPER et al., A Clear and Present Danger * STEVEN LEVY, Technology: A High-Tech Homefront C. Understanding Terrorism * JIM LANDERS, The Roots of Conflict * Dallas Morning News, Regional Maps and Timeline * JIM LANDERS, Bin Laden Allies Want Islamic Unity * Dallas Morning News, Mapping Sponsors of Terrorism * GREGG JONES, Cradle of a Holy War * Agence France-Presse, News Photograph * Associated Press, News Photograph * JERROLD M. POST, Terrorist Psycho-Logic: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Psychological Forces D. Conclusion: The Future of Terrorism? * PAUL WILKINSON, Analysis of Terrorist Weapons and the Liberal State Response III. Assessing and Responding to Interpretations and Arguments A. Initial Readings of 9/11 * from "Talk of the Town," The New Yorker (9/24/01) Hendrik Hertzberg John Updike Aharon Appelfeld Susan Sontag * JOHN D. FRENCH, Beyond Words, Without Words, and Finding Words: Responding to the Catastrophe B. Arguments: Right and Left * JOHN O'SULLIVAN, Their Amerika: The Song of the Counter-Tribalists * WILLIAM BENNETT, America Was Attacked Because It Is Good * STANLEY FISH, Condemnation Without Absolutes * CHALMERS JOHNSON, Blowback C. A Conflict of Cultures? * SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, The Clash of Civilizations? * EDWARD W. SAID, The Clash of Ignorance D. Conclusion: Two Philosophical Interpretations * CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER, The Enemy Is Not Islam: It Is Nihilism * JAMES ATLAS, Among the Lost: Illusions of ImmortalityTerrorism: For Further Reading and Research Chapter 11, Casebook on Marriage and Family: Responding to a Changing Institution Getting Oriented: Then and Now, Ideal and Real * Photographs I. Facts About Families * SUZANNE M. BIANCHI and LYNNE M. CASPER, American Families ARLENE SKOLNICK, The Paradox of Perfection II. Love and Marriage * LINDA WAITE and MAGGIE GALLAGHER, Happily Ever After? * LAURA KIPNIS, Against Love Couples Eating and Drinking, Photo Essay TOM CHENEY, Cartoon * NORAH VINCENT, What Is This Thing Called Love? * ETHAN WATTERS, In My Tribe The Author and His Tribe at Play, Photograph III. The Divorce Debate BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD, The Making of a Divorce Culture STEPHANIE COONTZ, The Future of Marriage * PATRICK F. FAGAN and ROBERT RECTOR, The Effects of Divorce on America * BARBARA EHRENREICH, In Defense of Splitting Up * WILLIAM JELANI COBB, Alone * DIANA JEAN SCHEMO, In Covenant Marriage, Forging Ties That Bind Two "Wedding" Days, Photographs IV. The Changing Family MIDGE DECTER, The Madness of the American Family BETTY HOLCOMB, Families Are Changing - For the Better DAVID POPENOE, A World without Fathers * LOUISE B. SILVERSTEIN and CARL F. AUERBACH, The Myth of the "Normal" Family * BARBARA LEBEY, American Families Are Drifting Apart * PAM HOUSTON, Creating Your Own Marriage and Family: For Further Reading and Research Part Four, Readings: Issues and Arguments Chapter 12, Feminism: Evaluating the Effects of Gender Roles CASSANDRA LANGER, What Is Feminism? KIRK ANDERSON, Cartoon *BETTY FRIEDAN, The Problem That Has No Name *SUZANNE FIELDS, Mission No Longer Impossible - Or Is It? *B. SMALLER, Cartoon *JOAN WILLIAMS, Reconstructive Feminism *GARY TRUDEAU, Cartoon KATIE ROIPHE